Experimental evidence of deep infiltration under sandy flats and gullies in the Sahel
Identifieur interne : 005C67 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 005C66; suivant : 005C68Experimental evidence of deep infiltration under sandy flats and gullies in the Sahel
Auteurs : L. Descroix [France] ; J.-P. Laurent [France] ; M. Vauclin [France] ; O. Amogu [France] ; S. Boubkraoui [France] ; B. Ibrahim [France] ; S. Galle [France] ; B. Cappelaere [France] ; S. Bousquet [France] ; I. Mamadou [France, Niger] ; E. Le Breton [France, Niger] ; T. Lebel [France] ; G. Quantin [France] ; D. Ramier [France] ; N. Boulain [France, Australie]Source :
- Journal of hydrology : (Amsterdam) [ 0022-1694 ] ; 2012.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- geographic : Niger.
- topic : Eau souterraine.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Despite the strong reduction in rainfall observed after 1968, the water table of some endorheic areas in the Sahel has been found to be rising over the last several decades. It has been previously demonstrated that this is due to land use changes which have led to a severe increase in runoff and erosion. In such areas, the excess in runoff causes a strong increase in the number of ponds, their sizes and thus, their duration. Ponds have been identified as the main zones of deep infiltration of water. The aim of this study was to investigate whether other areas of the Sahelian region could also be defined as deep infiltration ones as well, and then, whether they were contributing to aquifer recharge. Soil water content was surveyed for five consecutive years (2004-2008) by implementing a set of measurement devices at different depths. The hydrologic water balance was monitored at stream flow gauge stations located upstream and downstream of two small endorheic catchments. The observed replacement of bush vegetation by crops and fallow areas led to the appearance of extended bare soil areas due to both aeolian and hydric erosion, triggering a strong reduction in soil infiltrability under millet fields and fallow lands as well as in the soil water holding capacity. It also resulted in the formation of a great number of gullies and sand sediment deposits in the endorheic areas. Measurements showed that sandy deposits correspond in fact to large areas of deep infiltration: tens of thousands of cubic meters of water infiltrated catchments of less than 1 km2. Runoff decreased by up to 50% in the sandy deposit areas, while infiltration (close to 1300 mm h 1 ) was observed up to depths of 10 m. These factors would raise the water table and significantly modify the surface and sub-surface components of the water cycle.
Affiliations:
- Australie, France, Niger
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Languedoc-Roussillon, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Occitanie (région administrative), Rhône-Alpes, Île-de-France
- Grenoble, Montpellier, Paris, Sydney
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Descroix</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>IRD/UJF-Crenoble 1/CNRS/G-INP, LTHE UMR 5564</s1><s2>38041 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurent, J P" sort="Laurent, J P" uniqKey="Laurent J" first="J.-P." last="Laurent">J.-P. Laurent</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>CNRS/UJF-Grenoble 1/G-INP/IRD, LTHE UMR 5564</s1><s2>38041 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vauclin, M" sort="Vauclin, M" uniqKey="Vauclin M" first="M." last="Vauclin">M. Vauclin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>CNRS/UJF-Grenoble 1/G-INP/IRD, LTHE UMR 5564</s1><s2>38041 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amogu, O" sort="Amogu, O" uniqKey="Amogu O" first="O." last="Amogu">O. Amogu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>IRD/UJF-Crenoble 1/CNRS/G-INP, LTHE UMR 5564</s1><s2>38041 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boubkraoui, S" sort="Boubkraoui, S" uniqKey="Boubkraoui S" first="S." last="Boubkraoui">S. 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Bousquet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure, 46, Rue d'Ulm</s1><s2>75005 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75005 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mamadou, I" sort="Mamadou, I" uniqKey="Mamadou I" first="I." last="Mamadou">I. Mamadou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>U Paris 1/CNRS, LGP UMR 8591, 1, Place Aristide Briand</s1><s2>92195 Meudon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Place Aristide Briand</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>UAM, Department of Geography</s1><s2>BP 418, Niamey</s2><s3>NER</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Niger</country><wicri:noRegion>BP 418, Niamey</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Breton, E" sort="Le Breton, E" uniqKey="Le Breton E" first="E." last="Le Breton">E. Le Breton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>U Paris 1/CNRS, LGP UMR 8591, 1, Place Aristide Briand</s1><s2>92195 Meudon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Place Aristide Briand</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92195 Meudon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>UAM, Department of Geography</s1><s2>BP 418, Niamey</s2><s3>NER</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Niger</country><wicri:noRegion>BP 418, Niamey</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebel, T" sort="Lebel, T" uniqKey="Lebel T" first="T." last="Lebel">T. Lebel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>IRD/UJF-Crenoble 1/CNRS/G-INP, LTHE UMR 5564</s1><s2>38041 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>38041 Grenoble</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quantin, G" sort="Quantin, G" uniqKey="Quantin G" first="G." last="Quantin">G. Quantin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>IRD/UJF-Crenoble 1/CNRS/G-INP, LTHE UMR 5564</s1><s2>38041 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>38041 Grenoble</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramier, D" sort="Ramier, D" uniqKey="Ramier D" first="D." last="Ramier">D. Ramier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>IRD/U Montpellier l/U Montpellier 2/CNRS, HSM UMR 5569. Case MSE, Place Eugène-Bataillon</s1><s2>34095 Montpellier</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>34095 Montpellier</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>CETE lle-de-France 12 rue Teisserenc de Bort 78197 Trappes cedex</s1><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>78197 Trappes cedex</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CETE lle-de-France 12 rue Teisserenc de Bort 78197 Trappes cedex</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boulain, N" sort="Boulain, N" uniqKey="Boulain N" first="N." last="Boulain">N. Boulain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>IRD/U Montpellier l/U Montpellier 2/CNRS, HSM UMR 5569. Case MSE, Place Eugène-Bataillon</s1><s2>34095 Montpellier</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>34095 Montpellier</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>UTS, Climate Change Cluster</s1><s2>Sydney</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of hydrology : (Amsterdam)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. hydrol. : (Amst.)</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Journal of hydrology : (Amsterdam)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. hydrol. : (Amst.)</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Niger</term><term>Sahel</term><term>aquifers</term><term>bare soils</term><term>depth</term><term>drainage basins</term><term>erosion</term><term>flow</term><term>ground water</term><term>gullies</term><term>hydrologic cycle</term><term>infiltration</term><term>land use</term><term>ponds</term><term>rainfall</term><term>runoff</term><term>sand</term><term>streams</term><term>vegetation</term><term>water balance</term><term>water content</term><term>water table</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infiltration</term><term>Ravine</term><term>Cycle eau</term><term>Pluie</term><term>Niveau piézométrique</term><term>Utilisation terrain</term><term>Ruissellement</term><term>Erosion</term><term>Etang</term><term>Eau souterraine</term><term>Aquifère</term><term>Sol nu</term><term>Teneur eau</term><term>Profondeur</term><term>Bilan eau</term><term>Cours eau</term><term>Ecoulement</term><term>Bassin versant</term><term>Végétation</term><term>Sable</term><term>Sahel</term><term>Niger</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Niger</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Eau souterraine</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Despite the strong reduction in rainfall observed after 1968, the water table of some endorheic areas in the Sahel has been found to be rising over the last several decades. It has been previously demonstrated that this is due to land use changes which have led to a severe increase in runoff and erosion. In such areas, the excess in runoff causes a strong increase in the number of ponds, their sizes and thus, their duration. Ponds have been identified as the main zones of deep infiltration of water. The aim of this study was to investigate whether other areas of the Sahelian region could also be defined as deep infiltration ones as well, and then, whether they were contributing to aquifer recharge. Soil water content was surveyed for five consecutive years (2004-2008) by implementing a set of measurement devices at different depths. The hydrologic water balance was monitored at stream flow gauge stations located upstream and downstream of two small endorheic catchments. The observed replacement of bush vegetation by crops and fallow areas led to the appearance of extended bare soil areas due to both aeolian and hydric erosion, triggering a strong reduction in soil infiltrability under millet fields and fallow lands as well as in the soil water holding capacity. It also resulted in the formation of a great number of gullies and sand sediment deposits in the endorheic areas. Measurements showed that sandy deposits correspond in fact to large areas of deep infiltration: tens of thousands of cubic meters of water infiltrated catchments of less than 1 km<sup>2</sup>. Runoff decreased by up to 50% in the sandy deposit areas, while infiltration (close to 1300 mm h <sup>1</sup> ) was observed up to depths of 10 m. These factors would raise the water table and significantly modify the surface and sub-surface components of the water cycle.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Niger</li></country><region><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Grenoble</li><li>Montpellier</li><li>Paris</li><li>Sydney</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes"><name sortKey="Descroix, L" sort="Descroix, L" uniqKey="Descroix L" first="L." last="Descroix">L. Descroix</name></region><name sortKey="Amogu, O" sort="Amogu, O" uniqKey="Amogu O" first="O." last="Amogu">O. Amogu</name><name sortKey="Boubkraoui, S" sort="Boubkraoui, S" uniqKey="Boubkraoui S" first="S." last="Boubkraoui">S. Boubkraoui</name><name sortKey="Boulain, N" sort="Boulain, N" uniqKey="Boulain N" first="N." last="Boulain">N. Boulain</name><name sortKey="Bousquet, S" sort="Bousquet, S" uniqKey="Bousquet S" first="S." last="Bousquet">S. Bousquet</name><name sortKey="Cappelaere, B" sort="Cappelaere, B" uniqKey="Cappelaere B" first="B." last="Cappelaere">B. Cappelaere</name><name sortKey="Galle, S" sort="Galle, S" uniqKey="Galle S" first="S." last="Galle">S. Galle</name><name sortKey="Ibrahim, B" sort="Ibrahim, B" uniqKey="Ibrahim B" first="B." last="Ibrahim">B. Ibrahim</name><name sortKey="Laurent, J P" sort="Laurent, J P" uniqKey="Laurent J" first="J.-P." last="Laurent">J.-P. Laurent</name><name sortKey="Le Breton, E" sort="Le Breton, E" uniqKey="Le Breton E" first="E." last="Le Breton">E. Le Breton</name><name sortKey="Lebel, T" sort="Lebel, T" uniqKey="Lebel T" first="T." last="Lebel">T. Lebel</name><name sortKey="Mamadou, I" sort="Mamadou, I" uniqKey="Mamadou I" first="I." last="Mamadou">I. Mamadou</name><name sortKey="Quantin, G" sort="Quantin, G" uniqKey="Quantin G" first="G." last="Quantin">G. Quantin</name><name sortKey="Ramier, D" sort="Ramier, D" uniqKey="Ramier D" first="D." last="Ramier">D. Ramier</name><name sortKey="Ramier, D" sort="Ramier, D" uniqKey="Ramier D" first="D." last="Ramier">D. Ramier</name><name sortKey="Vauclin, M" sort="Vauclin, M" uniqKey="Vauclin M" first="M." last="Vauclin">M. Vauclin</name></country><country name="Niger"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mamadou, I" sort="Mamadou, I" uniqKey="Mamadou I" first="I." last="Mamadou">I. Mamadou</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Le Breton, E" sort="Le Breton, E" uniqKey="Le Breton E" first="E." last="Le Breton">E. Le Breton</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Boulain, N" sort="Boulain, N" uniqKey="Boulain N" first="N." last="Boulain">N. Boulain</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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